Neurological Manifestations Related to Blast Injury

Introduction

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a worldwide critical health problem as it is considered the main reason for traumatic mortality and morbidity. The extensive use of explosives in military conflicts and terrorist attacks on civilians enhances the incidence of TBI among other leading causes of brain injuries and diseases. 1 The current missions in Afghanistan and Iraq have involved military personnel in major combat operations since the Korean War (1950–1953). Recent reports reveal a progressive deterioration of the security situation due to a marked increase in roadside bombs, known as improvised explosive devices (IEDs). 2 The blast-induced TBI (b-TBI) and the consequences of physical and mental disabilities from IEDs are considered long-term critical socioeconomic health problems. The aim of this review is to provide insight into the blast-related injuries, in particular the brain injuries, focusing on experimental and case studies to address the blast injury mechanisms and the related physical and mental health problems.

Abstract

Blast-induced neurotrauma, a consequence of military conflict or domestic explosions, becomes a major focus of health care around the world. In general, the most important medical concern of neurotrauma is the potential long-term manifestations of mild traumatic brain injury. Blast overpressure can induce hidden mild neurotrauma that is considered to be a critical health and socioeconomic problem. Increased research efforts to understand the mechanisms of blast-induced neurotrauma and the subsequent neuropathophysiological responses are required to address these problems. The objectives of this review are to highlight a range of neurochemical and pathological reactions as well as the clinical manifestations of patients with blast-related neurotrauma.

Keywords

Brain trauma, Blast wave, Blast injury mechanisms, Neurochemical reactions, Neuropathophysiological responses